📘 Class 10 CBSE – History Short Answer Type Questions (with Answers)
Q1. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe?
Ans. Female figures personified nations:
- Marianne symbolised France (liberty, republic).
- Germania symbolised Germany (unity, strength).
- Artists gave them attributes like red cap, sword, oak leaves.
Q2. ‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement.
Ans.
- Population growth led to unemployment.
- Peasants migrated to cities → overcrowding.
- Small producers suffered from cheap machine-made goods.
- Food prices rose, bad harvests created misery.
Q3. Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support.
Ans.
- Language & folklore preserved identity (Grimm Brothers in Germany).
- Music, poetry inspired unity (Karol Kurpinski in Poland).
- History writing and folk traditions built national pride.
Q4. Describe the impact of the ‘Revolution of Liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.
Ans.
- Middle classes demanded constitutional government.
- Serfdom was abolished in some regions.
- Women participated but denied rights.
- Monarchy repressed the movement.
Q5. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen wider nationalist sentiments in Europe?
Ans.
- Zollverein (1834) removed tariff barriers.
- Created a unified market for trade.
- Railways linked regions → strengthened unity.
Q6. Describe the events of French Revolution which influenced people of other parts of Europe.
Ans.
- Declaration of Rights of Man inspired liberty & equality.
- Nation-state idea spread.
- Revolutionary wars spread nationalism.
- Principles of fraternity encouraged unity.
Q7. How did local people in conquered areas react to Napoleon’s rule?
Ans.
- Welcomed reforms: abolition of serfdom, modern laws.
- Later resented heavy taxation, censorship.
- Forced conscription caused anger and uprisings.
Q8. Explain obstacles to economic exchange and growth faced by commercial classes in 19th century Europe.
Ans.
- Multiple states had different currencies & weights.
- Tariff barriers restricted trade.
- Poor transport blocked free movement of goods.
Q9. What were Jacobin Clubs? How did they spread nationalism?
Ans.
- Political clubs of revolutionaries in France.
- Spread ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity abroad.
- Inspired movements in Italy, Germany, Netherlands.
Q10. Explain three beliefs of conservatism after 1815.
Ans.
- Favoured monarchy and aristocracy.
- Opposed liberalism & nationalism.
- Supported church and traditional institutions.
Q11. Explain contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Ans.
- Prime Minister of Prussia, followed “Blood and Iron”.
- Defeated Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), France (1870–71).
- Proclaimed German Empire in 1871.
Q12. Explain three ways nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland (18th–19th century).
Ans.
- Polish language used in schools & churches.
- Poets, writers, musicians promoted nationalism.
- Secret societies and revolts resisted foreign rule.
Q13. Explain three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871.
Ans.
- Ethnic groups (Slavs, Greeks, Serbs) demanded independence.
- Decline of Ottoman Empire created vacuum.
- Rivalries of big powers (Russia, Austria, Britain).
Q14. Contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas.
Ans.
- Founded Young Italy and Young Europe.
- Advocated democratic republics.
- Inspired youth with vision of free and united nations.
Q15. Explain in three points how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
Ans.
- Act of Union merged Ireland with Britain.
- Irish culture & language suppressed.
- Catholic revolts against Protestant domination.
Q16. Explain three features of the ‘Nation-State’ that emerged in 20th century Europe.
Ans.
- Politically sovereign and centralised state.
- Based on shared culture, language, history.
- Citizens enjoyed equal rights.
📘 Class 10 CBSE – History Long Answer Type Questions (with Answers)
Q1. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Ans.
- National symbols: Tricolour flag, national anthem (La Marseillaise).
- Uniform laws: Equality before law, abolition of feudal privileges.
- Centralised administration: Same weights, measures, currency.
- Mass education: To spread national language and values.
- Idea of citizens: Emphasised rights and duties towards the nation.
Q2. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles to make the system more rational and efficient. Analyse.
Ans.
- Ended democracy: Crowned himself Emperor (1804).
- Administrative reforms: Introduced Napoleonic Code (1804).
- Equality before law: Abolished privileges by birth.
- Economic reforms: Uniform tax, improved transport & trade.
- Merit system: Jobs based on talent, not birth.
Q3. Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. Analyse.
Ans.
- Earlier nationalism = liberty, equality, fraternity.
- Later became linked with imperialism & rivalry.
- Germany & Italy: Nationalism used for expansion & power.
- Balkan nationalism: Ethnic conflicts → wars.
- European powers manipulated nationalism for selfish aims.
Q4. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Ans.
- Role of Prussia: Led by Bismarck with “Blood and Iron” policy.
- Wars of unification:
- Denmark (1864)
- Austria (1866)
- France (1870–71).
- Result: Germany unified under Kaiser William I in 1871.
- Berlin became capital; Germany emerged as strong empire.
Q5. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement.
Ans.
- Shared culture, language, history give unity.
- Folklore, songs, poems revive collective identity (e.g., Grimm Brothers in Germany).
- Folk traditions in Poland kept spirit alive under foreign rule.
- National symbols (flags, anthems) foster common belonging.
Q6. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Ans.
- Giuseppe Mazzini: Spread revolutionary ideas (Young Italy).
- Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, used diplomacy.
- War with Austria (1859): Northern states joined Sardinia.
- Garibaldi: Led Red Shirts in Southern Italy.
- 1861: Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed King of Italy; 1870 – Rome joined.
Q7. Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Ans.
- Britain not unified by revolution, but by parliamentary acts.
- 1707 Act of Union: England + Scotland = United Kingdom.
- Ireland merged in 1801 Act of Union.
- Dominated by English culture; Irish revolts suppressed.
- British nation-state symbolised by Union Jack, national anthem, English language.
Q8. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815? Explain with examples.
Ans.
- Used secret societies (e.g., Carbonari in Italy).
- Propagated ideas of liberty & nationalism.
- Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy and Young Europe.
- Printed pamphlets, songs, and literature spread revolutionary thought.
- Inspired uprisings in Poland, Italy, Germany.
Q9. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.
Ans.
- Free movement of goods, people, and capital.
- End of state-imposed restrictions on trade.
- Demand for common currency and weights.
- Economic unity → political unity (Zollverein in Germany).
Q10. Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna (1815).
Ans.
- France lost territories gained by Napoleon.
- Bourbon dynasty restored in France.
- Prussia, Russia, Austria gained new territories.
- Balance of power established to prevent wars.
Q11. How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? Explain with examples.
Ans.
- Balkans home to diverse ethnic groups (Slavs, Serbs, Greeks).
- Each wanted independence from Ottoman Empire.
- Rivalry among powers (Russia, Austria, Britain) for control.
- Series of wars → Balkan became “powder keg of Europe”.
- Sparked World War I in 1914.
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