🌍 Mind Map: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
🇮🇹 Revolutionaries
- Giuseppe Mazzini → Young Italy (1831), Young Europe (1834)
- Spread nationalism through secret societies & propaganda
- Goal: Replace monarchy with democracy
⚡ Age of Revolutions (1830–48)
- 1830 France: July Revolution → Louis Philippe as king
- Belgium broke from Netherlands
- Poland & Italy → revolts crushed
- Greek independence (1821–29)
🇵🇱 Poland & Nationalism
- Nationalism via culture, music, folklore
- Russian domination: Polish language banned in schools
- Church & clergy preserved identity
📚 Reasons for Revolutions (1848)
- Economic crisis: bad harvest, unemployment
- Educated middle class demanded rights
- Romanticism: emphasized folklore, poetry, music as national spirit
- Examples: Grimm Brothers, Chopin, Kurpinski
🌍 1848 Revolutions
- France: Louis Philippe fled, Republic proclaimed
- Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary: demand for constitutions & rights
- Women demanded rights but ignored
⚖️ Role of Middle Class
- Led revolts demanding constitutionalism
- Educated liberals pushed for representative govts
- Workers: demanded better wages, conditions
🏛 Frankfurt Parliament
- Drafted constitution for German unification
- Offered crown to King of Prussia
- He rejected → failure of liberal attempt
🎭 Romanticism
- Culture as basis of nationalism
- Folklore, music, art = true spirit of the nation
- Encouraged unity among common people
📌 Outcome
- Revolutions largely failed
- Liberal & nationalist ideas survived
- Inspired later unification movements (Italy, Germany)
📅 Timeline (1789–1871)
- 1789 → French Revolution begins
- 1815 → Congress of Vienna, conservative order
- 1830 → July Revolution in France
- 1848 → Revolutions across Europe, Frankfurt Parliament
- 1859 → Sardinia & France defeat Austria (Italy)
- 1861 → Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
- 1866 → Austro-Prussian War
- 1870–71 → Franco-Prussian War
- 1871 → Unification of Germany, German Empire at Versailles
🇮🇹 Italian Unification
- Italy divided into 7 states (Austrian North, Papal Central, Bourbon South, Sardinia-Piedmont)
- Giuseppe Mazzini → Young Italy & Young Europe
- Cavour (PM of Piedmont) allied with France → defeated Austria
- Garibaldi & Red Shirts united South with North
- 1861: Kingdom of Italy proclaimed (Victor Emmanuel II)
- 1870: Rome added → complete unification
🇩🇪 German Unification
- Prussia led unification after 1848 failure
- Otto von Bismarck → “Blood & Iron” policy
- Steps:
- 1864: Defeated Denmark
- 1866: Defeated Austria
- 1870–71: Defeated France
- 1871: German Empire declared at Versailles
- Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser
🇬🇧 Britain & Ireland
- 1688: Glorious Revolution → Parliament > Monarchy
- 1707: Act of Union → England + Scotland = Great Britain
- Scotland: Gaelic & culture suppressed
- Ireland: Protestants dominated, Catholics oppressed
- 1801: Ireland incorporated into UK
✨ Symbols of New Britain
- 🇬🇧 Union Jack (flag)
- 🎶 National Anthem: God Save Our Noble King
- 🗣 English Language as national identity
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