🌍 Mind Map: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Part II)
🇮🇹 Revolutionaries
- Giuseppe Mazzini → Young Italy (1831), Young Europe (1834)
- Spread nationalism through secret societies & propaganda
- Goal: Replace monarchy with democracy
⚡ Age of Revolutions (1830–48)
- 1830 France: July Revolution → Louis Philippe as king
- Belgium broke from Netherlands
- Poland & Italy → revolts crushed
- Greek independence (1821–29)
🇵🇱 Poland & Nationalism
- Nationalism via culture, music, folklore
- Russian domination: Polish language banned in schools
- Church & clergy preserved identity
📚 Reasons for Revolutions (1848)
- Economic crisis: bad harvest, unemployment
- Educated middle class demanded rights
- Romanticism: emphasized folklore, poetry, music as national spirit
- Examples: Grimm Brothers, Chopin, Kurpinski
🌍 1848 Revolutions
- France: Louis Philippe fled, Republic proclaimed
- Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary: demand for constitutions & rights
- Women demanded rights but ignored
⚖️ Role of Middle Class
- Led revolts demanding constitutionalism
- Educated liberals pushed for representative govts
- Workers: demanded better wages, conditions
🏛 Frankfurt Parliament
- Drafted constitution for German unification
- Offered crown to King of Prussia
- He rejected → failure of liberal attempt
🎭 Romanticism
- Culture as basis of nationalism
- Folklore, music, art = true spirit of the nation
- Encouraged unity among common people
📌 Outcome
- Revolutions largely failed
- Liberal & nationalist ideas survived
- Inspired later unification movements (Italy, Germany)
📅 Timeline: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (1789–1871)
1789 – French Revolution
Abolished monarchy, spread ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity.
1815 – Congress of Vienna
Restored monarchies, introduced conservatism, suppressed nationalism.
1821–1829 – Greek War of Independence
Greeks gained independence from Ottoman Empire; Treaty of Constantinople (1832).
1830 – July Revolution in France
Louis Philippe became king; Belgium gained independence.
1848 – Revolutions across Europe
France became a Republic; uprisings in Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary.
1848 – Frankfurt Parliament
Attempted German unification under constitutional monarchy; failed.
1861 – Unification of Italy begins
Led by Cavour, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel II.
1871 – Unification of Germany
Proclaimed German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I in Versailles.
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